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The discovery of the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, is primarily attributed to archaeological excavations that began in the 1920s. This was when significant sites such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were uncovered in present-day Pakistan, allowing researchers to study the advanced urban planning, architecture, and culture of this ancient civilization. This archaeological work revealed that the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization thrived around 2600 to 1900 BCE, showcasing a high degree of social organization and technological achievement.

Earlier periods, such as the 18th century or the Renaissance, predated these discoveries and did not involve the archaeological methods that would unearth such civilizations. Though ancient texts and oral traditions might reference civilizations, they were not substantiated by archaeological evidence until the 20th century. Thus, the 1920s mark a significant period for the discovery and subsequent understanding of this ancient culture.